September 2012 - change - Mailing Lists

Kurtis Heimerl: The Village Basestation
by Nicola Dell 29 Sep '12

29 Sep '12

This Tuesday at Change, Kurtis Heimerl from UC Berkeley will talk about his work on the Village Basestation. Cellular Telephony is one of the most impactful technologies ever, with five billion subscribers in just twenty five years. However, billions of people remain without this fundamental service. The Village Basestation (VBTS) is a GSM cellular tower designed for low-density rural areas that traditional multinational telecommunication firms are unwilling to serve for economic reasons. VBTS reduces the cost of a cellular installation, enabling locally-owned cellular systems that can operate in areas with limited power or network infrastructure, being capable of running on solar and being backhauled with wifi. VBTS also provides a set of scripts supporting infrastructure-hosted apps tailored to and supporting the local community and their goals. In this talk, we will provide an in-depth discussion of the core technology changes enabling VBTS. Specifically, how VBTS can operate at less than 65% of the total power draw of a traditional "low-power" BTS, and the user interface implications of our changes. We will also discuss our plans to deploy this technology in rural Papua, Indonesia in the Fall of 2012. Kurtis Heimerl is a PhD candidate at UC Berkeley working under Eric Brewer in EECS and Tapan Parikh in the iSchool. His work focuses primarily on cellular systems and their intersection with international development. He is also a community manager and developer at Range Networks, supporting the OpenBTS open-source cellular system. He is interested in Education, having worked on the Metamouse group learning program, and Crowdsourcing, winning Best Paper at CHI for work on Kiosk-based crowdsoucing systems. What: Kurtis Heimerl: The Village Basestation When: Tuesday, October 2nd at 12 noon Where: The Allen Center, room CSE 203

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University of Washington Global Social Entrepreneurship Competition - Application deadline 11/8/12
by Gaetano Borriello 28 Sep '12

28 Sep '12

** The GSEC application deadline is *November 8, 2012*. Any enrolled university student – in any field, at any level of study – is eligible to apply. GSEC business ideas may focus on any subject area and must address a problem of poverty in developing countries. Apply now! http://goo.gl/0fXDT**** ** ** Great news for 2013: **** **· **We will select 15-20 teams to participate in GSEC Week<http://www.foster.washington.edu/centers/gbc/globalsocialentrepreneurshipco…>(Feb. 25 – Mar.1, 2013) ; **** **· **For the second year, travel scholarships will be given to international teams, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation;**** **· **We expect to award at least $30,000 in prizes, including a global health and an Information & Communications Technology (ICT) prize!*** * ** ** Please contact Deb Wolf (djwolf(a)uw.edu 206-543-4109) or me with any questions. Thank you in advance for your support! **** ** ** Kind regards, Kirsten**** * * *9TH ANNUAL **GLOBAL SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMPETITION*<http://www.foster.washington.edu/centers/gbc/globalsocialentrepreneurshipco…> * (GSEC) ANNOUNCEMENTS: * * * *Facebook – * www.facebook.com/GSECUW**** Students worldwide are invited to apply to GSEC: submit applications by Nov. 8, 2012! **** GSEC expects to award at least $30,000 in prizes, as well as travel scholarships, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. **** **Rules, application, and guidelines on the GSEC website http://goo.gl/0fXDT ** *Twitter – * @GSECUW** Students: submit social biz ideas to GSEC 2013 by 11/8/2012. 15-20 teams selected. Travel support, great exposure, mentorship, $30k in prizes! #socent**** * * *Email – * Please spread the word: Applications are open for the 9th annual Global Social Entrepreneurship Competition<http://www.foster.washington.edu/centers/gbc/globalsocialentrepreneurshipco…>(GSEC)! *Apply by November 8, 2012*** ** ** GSEC invites students around the world – across disciplines and levels of study to – to submit innovative business solutions to poverty in developing countries. **** ** ** 15-20 student teams from around the globe will be invited to Seattle for GSEC Week 2013 (Feb. 25 – Mar. 1), where they present to 400+ professionals, and compete for ~ $30,000 in monetary prizes, including global health and Information & Communication Technology (ICT) prizes! **** ** ** Intl Travel scholarships available, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.**** ** ** *Rules, guidelines, and application available at *http://goo.gl/0fXDT* . * *Questions? Contact: **gsec@uw.edu* <gsec(a)uw.edu>** * * ** **** **** ** **

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TASCHA Talk -- TOMORROW -- Sept. 27, 2012 -- What is TASCHA? An introduction to our research and people
by Karen Hirst 26 Sep '12

26 Sep '12

TASCHA TALK -- Tomorrow What is TASCHA? An introduction to our research and people Chris Coward Thursday -- September 27, 2012, from 3:45 to 4:45 pm Roosevelt Commons Building, 4th floor Multi-purpose room or via Adobe Connect<http://connect.washington.edu/ischool-tascha/> Welcome to the beginning of the year! In this session we will introduce the Technology & Social Change Group<http://tascha.uw.edu/author/chriscoward/> (or what we call TASCHA for short), and the US Impact Study, another research group focused on similar issues. While especially targeted to newcomers to the university community, we're always coming up with new interests and projects so people who know us already are encouraged to come as well. We'll cover the fields we operate in, our mission, research projects, and other activities. You'll meet the fabulous researchers, program staff, and students who work here. We'll show you how you can get involved. There'll be plenty of time for questions and discussion. And, as with every TASCHA Talk, we'll have drinks and snacks. About Chris<http://tascha.uw.edu/author/chriscoward/> Chris Coward is the co-founder, Principal Research Scientist, and Director of the Technology & Social Change Group (TASCHA) at Information School. Under his leadership, TASCHA has grown in size and scope over the last decade, encompassing research in 50 countries. Chris specializes in designing research programs that improve policy and practice, typically by working with organizations at the forefront of implementing technology programs for social and economic development. He holds a Master of Public Administration degree and a Master of Arts in International Studies degree, both from the University of Washington..

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TASCHA Talk -- THURSDAY Sept. 27, 2012 -- What is TASCHA? An introduction to our research and people
by Karen Hirst 24 Sep '12

24 Sep '12

TASCHA TALK -- Thursday What is TASCHA? An introduction to our research and people Chris Coward Thursday -- September 27, 2012, from 3:45 to 4:45 pm Roosevelt Commons Building, 4th floor Multi-purpose room or via Adobe Connect<http://connect.washington.edu/ischool-tascha/> Welcome to the beginning of the year! In this session we will introduce the Technology & Social Change Group<http://tascha.uw.edu/author/chriscoward/> (or what we call TASCHA for short), and the US Impact Study, another research group focused on similar issues. While especially targeted to newcomers to the university community, we're always coming up with new interests and projects so people who know us already are encouraged to come as well. We'll cover the fields we operate in, our mission, research projects, and other activities. You'll meet the fabulous researchers, program staff, and students who work here. We'll show you how you can get involved. There'll be plenty of time for questions and discussion. And, as with every TASCHA Talk, we'll have drinks and snacks. About Chris<http://tascha.uw.edu/author/chriscoward/> Chris Coward is the co-founder, Principal Research Scientist, and Director of the Technology & Social Change Group (TASCHA) at Information School. Under his leadership, TASCHA has grown in size and scope over the last decade, encompassing research in 50 countries. Chris specializes in designing research programs that improve policy and practice, typically by working with organizations at the forefront of implementing technology programs for social and economic development. He holds a Master of Public Administration degree and a Master of Arts in International Studies degree, both from the University of Washington..

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Richard Anderson: From Digital StudyHall to Digital PublicHealth
by Nicola Dell 21 Sep '12

21 Sep '12

The first Change seminar for the fall quarter will be on* Tuesday, September 25th at 12 noon in CSE 203*. Richard Anderson from UW Computer Science and Engineering will be speaking on "From Digital StudyHall to Digital PublicHealth". The Digital StudyHall (DSH) project began in 2005 with the goal of improving primary school education in rural India using Tutored Video Instruction where lessons recorded by experienced teachers were shown in remote schools by less experienced teachers. Part of the vision was to create “DStar”, a collection of projects that would use the principles of DSH: low cost community created video content, a shared public archive, and human mediated delivery of videos, to conduct education in a wide range of domains. Digital Green (DG) for agriculture education was the first spin off project from DSH which now has a large reach in India. In this talk, I will describe how the ideas and technologies developed by DSH and DG are being applied in a new project, Digital PublicHealth (DPH), which is using community created video content for maternal health messaging in Uttar Pradesh, India. Richard Anderson is a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. He graduated with a B.A. in Mathematics from Reed College in 1981, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University in 1985. In 1986 he joined the University of Washington after a one-year Postdoc at the Mathematical Science Research Institute in Berkeley, CA. He has held visiting positions with the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India and with the Learning Sciences and Technology group at Microsoft Research. For the last three years he has been collaborating with PATH, a Seattle based public health NGO, applying computing technology to a range of problems in global health. What: Richard Anderson: From Digital StudyHall to Digital PublicHealth When: Tuesday, September 25 at 12 noon Where: The Allen Center, room CSE 203

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CSE 590F, Computing and the Developing World Seminar
by Richard Anderson 19 Sep '12

19 Sep '12

CSE 590F, Computing and the Developing World Seminar, Tuesdays, 1:30-2:20 PM, CSE 203. In this seminar course we will look at different aspects of computing in developing countries. We will take an interdisciplinary approach looking at the limitations, possibilities and implications of this field from a variety of perspectives. From the technical side we will look at some of the more interesting problems in developing effective computing technologies and software application for users in these countries. From a social and development perspective we will look at possible technology application areas, including education and e-government, policy issues such as governments and open source software policy, and talking about development issues more broadly in the context of modern technology. The focus of the seminar this term will be on Computing and Global Health, and we will read papers from the health that assess various technologies or provide background in global health. For more information, see http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/courses/cse590f/12au/

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9/27 Lecture: Roy Boney, Jr.: "Cherokee Language Technology: The Syllabary and the Nation's History of Tech Adoption"
by Marisa Duarte 19 Sep '12

19 Sep '12

Good morning. The Indigenous Information Research Group at the University of Washington Information School invites you to a lecture by Cherokee Nation Language Preservationist Roy Boney, Jr. on the design and development of Cherokee language applications for mobile technologies. Roy has worked with Apple, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and the Unicode Consortium to develop applications. The Institute of Museum and Library Services is currently sponsoring a program to provide iPads loaded with Cherokee language apps to Cherokee language learners through the tribal libraries and community centers. What: Roy Boney, Jr.: "Cherokee Language Technology: The Syllabary and the Nation's History of Technological Adoption" When: Thursday, 9/27, 1:00-2:30 pm Where: Roosevelt Commons Building, 4311 11th Ave NE, (corner of 11th and 43rd), 4rth Floor, Rm. 416 For more information, please contact Marisa E Duarte at meduarte(a)uw.edu Respectfully, The Indigenous Information Research Group (IIRG)

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Fwd: HCI & Interpretivism positions at UM
by Gaetano Borriello 19 Sep '12

19 Sep '12

---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Joyojeet Pal <joyojeet(a)gmail.com> Date: Wed, Sep 19, 2012 at 8:57 AM Subject: HCI & Interpretivism positions at UM To: Gaetano Borriello <gaetano(a)cs.washington.edu>, Eric Brewer < brewer(a)cs.berkeley.edu>, Richard Anderson <anderson(a)cs.washington.edu>, Tapan Parikh <parikh(a)ischool.berkeley.edu>, Batya Friedman <batya(a)uw.edu>, AnnaLee Saxenian <anno(a)ischool.berkeley.edu>, Lakshminarayanan Subramanian < lakshmi(a)cs.nyu.edu>, Michael Best <mikeb(a)cc.gatech.edu>, François Bar < fbar(a)usc.edu>, "Geoffrey C. Bowker" <gbowker(a)uci.edu>, Christopher Hoadley < tophe(a)nyu.edu>, Jenna Burrell <jenna(a)ischool.berkeley.edu> Hi Folks, There are a four openings at the School of Information at Michigan this year, none of them is specifically for someone who works on technology and international development, but given the intersection of interests, this may be something your graduating students would consider. I would like to bring your attention to two of these: Here is the link to our HCI opening for the year (it's open rank). It's a standard HCI position and specifically interested in design and building of interactive systems - but given that this has a good intersection with what a lot of HCI4D folks are working on, please feel free to have them get in touch with me if they have questions particularly about Michigan's ICTD interests, or with Mark Newman, the general chair for the search in this position for broader questions on the HCI group at our school, or anything else related to the position more generally. http://si.umich.edu/aboutsi/2012-faculty-opening-human-computer-interaction We also have an Interpretivist position open this year that may be of some interest to some of the more ethnography-oriented ICTD folks: http://si.umich.edu/aboutsi/2012-faculty-opening-interpretivism For the ethnography position, the chair is Mark Ackerman, and if you have great candidates interested who have further questions, please let me know and I can get them in touch to get an idea of fit. Thanks! Joyojeet

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Register for the Change Seminar
by Nicola Dell 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

Hello Everyone, In preparation for the Fall quarter, I want to invite you all to register for the Change Seminar (CSE590C1, SLN:12581<https://sdb.admin.washington.edu/timeschd/UWNetID/sln.asp?QTRYR=AUT+2012&SL…>) on Tuesdays at noon in the Paul Allen Center Room 203. For those who attended last year, note that Change is now on Tuesdays and not Thursdays. Change (http://change.washington.edu) is a group of faculty, students, and staff at the UW who are exploring the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in improving the lives of underserved populations, particularly in the developing world. We are cover topics such as global health, education, micro finance, agricultural development, and general communication, and look at how technology can be used to improve each of these areas. This fall we will be alternating between talks by invited speakers and group discussions. Those who sign up for credit will be asked to participate in leading one of the discussions (this requires very little work and can be done in groups). We are in the process of scheduling speakers, so stay tuned to our calendar (http://is.gd/3PkTF) Twitter ( http://is.gd/3PkVk) or mailing list (http://is.gd/3PlkS) for more information. Please consider enrolling. If you are unable to enroll, feel free to come to any of the meetings you are interested in attending! The seminar is available for all UW students and the content is designed to be widely accessible. We encourage students from all departments to enroll/attend if interested. Please also forward this message to the relevant mailing lists, and we hope to see you on Tuesday, September 25th at noon in Room 203 of the Paul Allen Center. Lunch will be provided. Thanks, Nicki

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Fwd: [ITID] New Fall 2012 Issue Published
by Yaw Anokwa 13 Sep '12

13 Sep '12

There is a new issue of ITID out. Looks like it's a great read. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Arlene Luck <aluck(a)law.usc.edu> Date: Wed, Sep 12, 2012 at 3:54 PM Subject: [ITID] New Fall 2012 Issue Published To: Yaw Anokwa <yanokwa(a)cs.washington.edu> Dear ITID Readers, Information Technologies & International Development has just published its latest issue at http://itidjournal.org/itid. We invite you to read the following special note "From the Editors" that describes this issue and more, and then visit our web site to review the articles and items of interest. >From the Editors Before introducing the papers in this edition, we’d like to share some of the behind-the-scenes discussions at ITID. ITID is intimately tied to the community of ICT-and-development researchers, so we need your feedback with respect to expectations, concerns, and new ideas. Over the last few years, our most persistent conversations have focused on just three topics: Quality – Of papers, of editing, and of the reviewing process. We are reasonably happy with the quality of work in all three areas, and we believe ITID’s leadership among ICTD-related publications is evidence of that quality. However, we still fall short of the quality of top journals in other fields. Visibility – On relevant academic indices, within policy circles, and in the general public. We have been included in several indices, and ITID articles do well on citation counts relative to many ICT4D publications. But we could do better on those fronts, and our visibility beyond academia is still minimal. Revenue – As an open-access journal, we do not charge our authors or our readers. Thanks to the generosity of our financial and institutional sponsors, we can cover our operational costs, but only just. Additional revenue would allow us to try new approaches to increase quality and visibility. We welcome input from our readers on these topics or anything else pertaining to ITID. Feedback, suggestions, your perceptions of ITID—all are welcome. We can’t guarantee a personal response to every bit of feedback that we receive, but we promise to read all serious communication. Some of the challenges we face reflect challenges that the field faces as a whole. One trend we have observed informally is authors saving their best papers for other outlets, often in their academically “purer” home fields. A journal’s standing, of course, depends primarily on the strength of its papers, so this is a vicious cycle that turns virtuous only with a critical mass of strong papers. Along these lines, we encourage authors to submit their best ICT-and-development research work to ITID. In return, we offer quick turnaround, high-quality reviews and, of course, when accepted, publication! In our ongoing efforts to increase visibility, we are trying something new this issue with the paper introductions. Rather than provide the seemingly objective summary in which we treat all papers in an issue much as parents do their kids (e.g., we love them all equally!), one of us will write the paper introductions and inject some personal editorial commentary. Kentaro will kick things off. François Bar Kentaro Toyama Editors-in-Chief ..................................................... Article Introductions (Issue 8.3) By Kentaro Toyama It’s my great pleasure to continue my engagement with ITID as co-Editor-in-Chief. Though I don’t pretend that I will be able to assume Michael Best’s unique role with respect to ITID, I hope to contribute what I can to the considerable momentum that he, Ernest Wilson, and François Bar have generated. I’m also thankful for François’ continuing commitment as I learn the ropes. Now for the papers in this issue! In the spirit of trying something new, but at the risk of losing friends, I’ll reveal my opinions about each paper. I should note that these are my personal thoughts only, and while they may exert some influence on the journal’s selection of papers (my prerogative as co-editor), ITID’s system of Associate Editors and review by at least three reviewers drawn from a diverse pool of researchers keeps the direct influence of the Editors-in-Chief on paper selection to a minimum. Except for the occasional difficult decision, most decisions on publication are largely handled without our direct involvement. I hope the authors will forgive any critical comments below—in any case, the papers are published. And again, I request feedback from readers on this format, as it will help us determine whether this new approach to introducing an issue’s papers is worth continuing. Volume 8, Issue 3 of ITID includes six research papers and a book review. Pádraig Carmody begins the issue with a provocative question that deserves more attention: How might mobile phones be exacerbating, rather than alleviating, poverty? The paper offers a framework for thinking about such questions and enumerates the possible ways in which development is poorly served by mobile phones. It nicely organizes much of the literature on this question and critiques the prominent discourse, but unfortunately, the existing evidence is thin. Ever since Kathleen Diga’s 2007 Masters thesis first brought the possibility of consumption displacement to the ICT literature, what has been lacking is strong, direct evidence of mobiles actually causing harm. There is still a ground-breaking paper waiting to be written on this topic and based on thorough primary research—a paper that could serve as a much-needed antidote to Rob Jensen’s “Digital Provide.” (Incidentally, another line of research along these lines would look at the development shortcomings of M-PESA.) Investigations into the dark side of ICT continue in one section of Ricardo Gomez’s paper on the impacts perceived by users of Internet public access centers (PACs) in Colombia. That section is worth a close read, as interviewees recapitulate with uncanny precision what is known about the disadvantages of Internet usage in the developed world. Again, it makes one wonder what unintended consequences should be predictable for, say, digital money, by analogy to mainstream banking, money wires, credit cards, and other instruments that tempt consumers to spend. The rest of Gomez’s paper is a straightforward study of the positive impacts of PACs with few surprising results. Staying within Latin America, two papers consider different intersections of smaller businesses with telecommunications. Roxana Barrantes Cáceres and Mireia Fernández-Ardèvol look at patterns of mobile phone use among three categories of market traders in rural Peru. The groups differ with respect to the degree of professionalism they bring to trading as an enterprise, with the most active traders pursuing it full time with relatively sophisticated processes and networks; at the other end of the spectrum are subsistence farmers who make occasional treks to market to sell a portion of what they produce. In further confirmation of my favorite theory that ICTs amplify underlying human intent and capacity, the authors find that mobile usage more or less reflects the constraints and communication needs of the traders. In her article, Martha Garcia-Murillo looks at ICT less as tool and more as services sold by small and medium businesses in the Argentinean telecommunications industry. She identifies the main strategies that these entities use and finds them operating in a reactive mode, buffeted by the uncertainties of Argentina’s markets and unstable policies. Though these businesses are clearly struggling and market/political stability is of concern to macroeconomic development, it’s not clear to me that the fates of their owners and employees are of great concern to the international development community. The services being sold are conferencing and IT services that appear to cater to well-off businesses, and I suspect the firms are also staffed by middle-class employees. At any rate, the development case was not explicitly made in the paper. I would also have liked to have seen the tie to development called out in the subsequent paper by Rebecca Walton, Judith Yaaqoubi, and Beth Kolko. Walton et al. investigate the self-reported expectations of users of Internet cafés in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. No context was provided for understanding the study’s relationship to development, and that interview subjects were urban students and university graduates didn’t make it easy to surmise. At one point, the authors make a curious comment: “Though interviews were conducted solely in Bishkek, an urban area, many interviewees shared both urban and rural perspectives, having lived in a rural area or having close ties with rural relatives.” This struck me as a protest-too-much grasp for development relevance. The study is otherwise well-executed, though new insights into Internet café user inclinations are few. In their respective papers, both Garcia-Murillo and Walton et al. raise the question of whether we are being too liberal in what counts as “development.” I believe ITID should be open to a wide range of definitions, but are we accepting any activity taking place in a lower-GDP country as development? That seems as misguided as excluding ICT use in North American homeless shelters. Regardless, I appeal to authors to make the development issues clear in their submissions. The last research paper in this issue is by Øystein Sæbø and Devinder Thapa, and it applies the “Asset Pentagon Model” to attempt an analysis of the Nepal Wireless Networking Project. I’ll withhold my direct criticisms of the paper and note that it is carefully written and makes appropriate references to the literature. I’ll rant about a larger phenomenon in the ICT4D literature, of which this paper is an example, in a moment. Jorge Zapico brings the issue to a close with reviews of two books on ICT and environmental sustainability. The books take opposing views on ICT’s value to sustainability, and while neither book was written specifically about international development, Zapico finds the lessons apply to ICT4D as well. Finally, my rant: I’d like to take up the topic of “frameworks” and their place in scholarly research papers. The ICT-and-development community sees no shortage of assessment frameworks because it inherits so many from its constituent disciplines, as attested to by the 161-page “Compendium on Impact Assessment of ICT-for-Development Projects” (Heeks & Molla, 2009). As far as I understand—because I have never written a paper based on a framework, nor recommended to anyone that they do so—these frameworks are meant to help “ICT4D practitioners, policy-makers and consultants to understand the impact of informatics initiatives in developing countries” by providing “ways of understanding ICT4D projects and organising knowledge about them” (Heeks & Molla, 2009). I worry that some authors misunderstand these frameworks as formulas for writing research papers, where the framework specifies a checklist of things one should attend to, and a paper is a flat enumeration of the haphazard observations one has made for each item on the checklist. I worry because I have seen more than a few such papers submitted to the various publications for which I review papers. These papers are consistently earnest, neatly structured to reflect their frameworks, and unfortunately, empty of the novel insight that a research paper should provide. A good research paper says much more than whether Project X succeeded or failed along the various dimensions of any given framework; it provides hypotheses regarding cause, strong supporting evidence, support or counterexample to theory, insightful analysis, lessons that expand human knowledge, and so forth. (I refer to a previous ITID publication for what constitutes a good ICTD paper: Burrell & Toyama, 2009).) Research, of course, isn’t formulaic, and it’s worth noting that Heeks and Molla did not include researchers, scholars, and academics in the list of people for whom the frameworks are designed. Personally, even for the recommended audience, I think frameworks provide a false sense of rigor—it’s all too easy to cherry pick isolated pieces of data and pretend that organizing them in conceptual bins results in a meaningful analysis. And having thrown down that gauntlet, I’ll sign off with one last request for feedback—on ITID, on editorializing editors, and on frameworks! Kentaro Toyama Co-Editor-in-Chief kentaro_toyama(a)hotmail.com References Burrell, J., & Toyama, K. (2009). What constitutes good ICTD research? Information Technologies & International Development, 5(3), 82–94. Retrieved from http://itidjournal.org/itid/article/view/382/178 Heeks, R., & Molla, A. (2009). Compendium on impact assessment of ICT-for-development projects. IDRC. Retrieved from http://ict4dblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/idrc-ia-for-ict4d-compendium1.… ...................................................... If you no longer wish to receive these quarterly alerts, please reply, and enter "Unsubscribe" in the subject line of your e-mail and send to aluck(a)law.usc.edu. ______________________________________________ Information Technologies & International Development http://itidjournal.org

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